1 10 9 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/b75157859347211a88b4e00f48317f69.jpg?Expires=1781740800&Signature=GBp0%7Er7pjFxaorjHZSQ-6mKsYLgB3FUiNEhW4Cual91n59E7VrKcIf0eMejQWwxbA3WD0Nu7HFRgv21tSt%7EVvMdpdEJB-KXcyP-CdWKEgDHGfywUCSMSGIkRkDq7NqXsUErj56Cu0ooARecSgjJVcRPzNW0X21r1s595RcPuU6oYu5gbHsBhG0Fe0uBt09lIep%7Ez6sXol16X8SSQ3UETOMdN-vWkIT19am%7EVHNnm6kuemKD3m4gep-yjF1fhayV1WNY1aJlr9s5fPvUVvjm-XNB8jhP5cVrGAMi8ifVvivc0A7ozluPMxVQUeDzEnhVpoPlVbaxoJniPF2dKZdL5Gw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a14e5a1892a0433accaca5adb9450281 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/f5c46392158f1786b9cf07adc785369b.m4a?Expires=1781740800&Signature=i1Po6HaejdU-C5JsjAvUjNxvsszk4HuwXC5Gog1rYmQZ89ug7nlAUI6%7ETnH3J45QrJ4yE7MnpcaBfsnj3D-d6rumC%7EQtXR6wTby3m%7EQp1lTUCxj6Nhd1mrXvB9Fxvp2X%7EaQKUW0NT%7E6qMhvUYbOZ7p9KYJxD5TDfOGMgDYE22YpRoOW05x-z1bCtdmySqdKoYDjrGk3-fuXSEewkSBVUMVEFtQfnnc2Rd2k23Fehovrc1Q9QjdtBtLv%7ECfISDoJWAol9INmxn0tKRrBFIkCpOiCpvhDb731KmrHIfVHKSwrXnXkOfBwrNuXjqclVemFDN6De5SOlH38ikIkJB7aWRg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7b3e2f5c8b415fd4c2e7b75533a8eadf https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/3b09602dfb88354faf6296cf3c836db4.pdf?Expires=1781740800&Signature=lAsW9KU0qtgMxxAcFv34NINNwRQJ%7EZsiE7DRas8Wqan%7E16e%7EPWpJx65adwxOEQHNIWYiFZqgXo1vNOdA129SXHHxLIldT6a8V6FnDdhnFb38kuSn41lX11M8gp3VaQN5tP4dt6WNPvf%7ERSKa-LrzMCLJih4kZgiJC%7EJLfSNgUyrJsoTV4LOLoSp8pXyey-WYVHLK%7Ewg9Tb2m-X5My258cxGFzEZVhO7V9GNZ-qPeDi4qA3h1iP7Pss0Z2eTGFPaVJ%7Etq%7Evy9LcXyrpehfnyzB1az40N12NkJzUe2mkFCZws8OX9PJWCqV2TyZ8KXiMjyhU9BBsIjs9QDpqXi1FiXlw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0d550c1b8aa2b70fceceb2b0af80a7e0 PDF Text Text Transcript of Oral History Interview Conducted for University of Maryland HIST428M- Spring 2021 Instructor: Dr. Anne S. Rush Interviewer’s Name: Duany S. Philip Interviewee’s Name: Betty Junianti Simarmata Interviewee’s Country of Origin: Indonesia Interviewee’s current residence: Perry Hall, Baltimore County, Maryland, United States Date of Interview: March 9, 2021 Place of Interview: In Person, Perry Hall, Baltimore County, Maryland, United States [via Voice Memo] Introduction: This interview between Duany Philip and Betty Simarmata goes into the experiences of Betty, an Indonesian immigrant that has lived in the United States ever since 2004. Although Betty had to overcome challenges when coming to the United States, her experiences in Indonesia gave her the strength to move despite the major differences in culture, people, and lifestyle. Her upbringing in plantation farms, living in the city of Medan, Bandung, and even Jakarta have shaped her identity as a proud Indonesian to this day. Her story emphasizes how culture is important to an immigrant’s life because it gives a sense of identity of who you are and where you come from. Keywords: Indonesia, North Sumatra, Christian, culture, adapt, friends, family, Baltimore Duany: Hi everybody, my name is Duany Philip, and I am interviewing Betty Junianti Simarmata. And today's date is March 9th, 2021. And the location of this interview is Perry Hall, Maryland, in the suburbs in our townhome. So, Betty, how are you today? Betty: I'm good. Thank you. Duany: Great. So, can you tell me where you were born? Betty: I was born in Bah Jambi. It's a very small town in North Sumatra. Duany: Can you explain a little bit more? Where exactly Bah Jambi is? Betty: Bah Jambi, so north Sumatra, the capital city of North Sumatra is Medan. And Bah Jambi, I think it's like three or four hours from Medan. It's a small town belong to one company called BTPN 4. It’s a plantation, uh what is— Duany: Plantation area? Betty: Yeah. Duany: Palm oil plantation. Betty: Palm oil plantation, yeah, palm plantation. �Duany: So, I can assume that you grew up in a palm oil plantation area, correct? Betty: Yes. Duany: Can you tell me a little bit how your early childhood was in a palm oil plantation area? Betty: Yes. So, uh, plantation area so they have their own uh, perumahan, what is it? Duany: Housing. Betty: Estate, yeah, housing, their own housing, so, we live there and they have their own school. So, everything pretty much in there, school, housing, so we make friends with uh with neighbors that have their parents, the same job with my parents, something like that. And it's very, very nice childhood because the housing is pretty nice. They have pretty big yard and we can play in there. It's nice. It's very different with uh city living. Duany: So just to clarify, the friends that you met in Bah Jambi, this palm oil plantation area, your friends who are mostly people whose parents also worked in the same company as your parents? Betty: Yes. And also, uh actually, I was born in Bah Jambi, but I grew up in Mayang. So, because in that uh company, the staff is moving around, so from this uh place move to another place. So, uh after I was born in Bah Jambi, my parents moved to Doloksinumbah and then moved again to Mayang. So, but, the place that I mostly remember was Mayang. Duany: Interesting. Betty: Yup. Duany: So, you—how did that work? You moved to Mayang, back to Bah Jambi, or, was—how was the routine like? Betty: Uh. Actually, with the place is pretty much the same. So, the—and the environment is pretty much the same also. So, just, yeah, just the place different but the environment and the feeling it's pretty much the same, yeah. But we have new friends of course. Duany: Hmm. Betty: Every time my family moved, yeah, we have to make new friends, something like that. Duany: How did it feel for you when you had to constantly make new friends and never have um friends that were long term? �Betty: Yeah, for the first time always feeling sad because I have to leave everything that I loved: uh the—the house, the environment and my friend. But, after a while I have new friends and yeah, I feel happy again. Duany: That’s great. Betty: Yep. Duany: So what age did you—were—so, you said you're around Bah Jambi and Mayang, but I know that in your life you move to another city after that. Betty: Yeah, because when I was in middle school, my dad moved to another island called pop—I mean Borneo. That's uh pretty far away from Medan because Borneo is another island. And because of that, my—my dad uh told us to just stay in Medan, so only him and my mom moved to Borneo, but me and my siblings live in Medan and we went to school in Medan. [Editor’s note: Their mother lived in Medan with them, only their father stayed in other islands.] Duany: So, how’s your family like growing up? Especially with your father in a far location? Betty: Yeah, of course, that's not the ideal situation. But my uh dad thinks that's the best for us because in Borneo, at the time, Borneo, not really very developed yet. So, for school, he thinks Medan is better than Borneo. That's why, even though that's not the ideal situation, but he thinks for our education uh so much better if we just live—stay in Medan. Duany: I see. Interesting. So just for clarification, you moved to Medan at what age? Betty: I think uh either 12 or 13, something like that. Duany: 12 or 13. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: So, keep in mind, my interviewee was born in 1971, 12 to 13. She spent around 12 to 13 years in Borneo and Mayang, and around 1983-ish, early 1980s, she was in Medan. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: So, in Medan 12 and 13 years old, you obviously also had to make new friends as well. Betty: Yeah. Duany: Can you tell me a little bit of your experiences from a plantation area to a big city? Betty: Yeah, uh for this time, move to Medan is very big changes for me because Medan, it's not uh like uh small town plantation. It's very different, Medan is capital city. And yeah, everything so different. So, the environment, the situation, the school because uh school in plantation, you �know, it's in the small town. So, the school the quality is like, yeah, not really good. But in Medan, I went to, I think, at a time in the best school in Medan [laughs], so it's like very challenging for me to—to understand the subject because, you know, I like—hmm yeah, it's very advanced. The—the material is very diff—advanced compared to what I learned in small town. So, it's difficult for me to adapt for the uh for study at school. And—and friend because now uh my friend came from a different background. It's not like in—in plantation, in plantation, we have the same background, our parents works in the same company. We grew up in small town. So, it's like, we have the same background. But now in Medan, my friends came from every situation, their family is different than mine. Yeah, so that's very challenging for me, actually. And I don't like it. Duany: [Laughs.] Betty: For the first time, I think not just for the—it takes—it took like, a few years, maybe until I really like uh can uh really— Duany: Adapt. Betty: Yeah, adapt with that situation. Duany: So, knowing that you have how many siblings total at the time? Betty: Six. So, with me, we are seven siblings. Duany: Seven. Betty: Including me. Duany: Oh, so six siblings of yours. Betty: Six siblings, yeah. Duany: So due to this, at first when you arrive to Medan and how you said it was hard to adapt to the life— Betty: Mm-hm, yup. Duany: Did you—did this—did you spend more time with family and just people that you recognized? Or like people that were just similar to you? Basically, did you just spend more time with your family than trying to adapt to the new life in Medan when you first arrived? Betty: Yeah. Because I feel like more comfortable with my family than uh with my new friends, so I just spend more time with my family. �Duany: So, when you say that your relationship with your family improved after you moved to Medan compared to when you were in the palm oil plantation because you inevitably had to spend more time with them? Betty: Yeah, it could be. But I think I always have a good relationship, my siblings, even though I have a lot of friends, when back in uh plantation, but yeah, I—oh uh I always have a good relationship with my siblings. Duany: Interesting. So, you mentioned before how it took you multiple years to adapt to the new life in Medan. I can't imagine coming from a plantation life moving to the third most populated city in Indonesia. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: When did exactly did you start adapting to life in Medan and thinking, Okay, this is my life and I'm just going to make the best out of it? Betty: Uh I think uh maybe when I—after I was in high school, I'm more uh comfortable with the—with my life in Medan. I think that whenever I was in middle school. And also, maybe because, you know, at that age, I uh from childhood goes to teenager I think that that itself already makes something complicated. So, uh and adding with the moving to Medan, that's why it's hard for me to adapt. But after I was in high school, I—I already enjoy everything. So, I think that uh the things that made me more uh it's harder for me to adapt because I was in transition from childhood to teenager, I think something like that also. Duany: That makes perfect sense. Betty: Yeah. Duany: Wow, so back to the topic of family for a little bit. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: How did your siblings feel moving to Medan? Of course, you said before, you know, you had a strong relationship with them even before Medan. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: But how did they cope with Medan? Do you remember by any chance? Betty: Hmm I don't—I don't really remember. But as long as I remember, I don't think they have a hard time to adapt. Yeah. [Both laugh] Duany: Oh, you believe that you actually had the hardest experience moving to Medan? Betty: I think so but I never asked them but uh from what I saw, it's—it's not a problem for them. �Duany: [Laughs] That's cool. So, once you, you know, you finally matured a little bit you entered high school and you started to adapt. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: You have probably made like some new friends, right? Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: How were—and now you're not like traveling anywhere for like to Mayang or Bah Jambi. Betty: Mm-hm yeah. Duany: Now you have some established friends— Betty: Yeah. Duany: —like for once in your life, how did that feel for you? Betty: I was happy. Yeah. And also, I still uh make a good friend from my best friend from high school. That's how strong our relationship are. Duany: Wow. Betty: I’m still best friend with them until now. Duany: That's really cool. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: Great. Okay, moving on to our next topic. So around what year did you graduate high school? Betty: ’90. Duany: 1990? Betty: 1990. Duany: I'm assuming you're around 17 or 18? Betty: Yup, 17 maybe. Duany: So, after high school, grad— �Betty: Or 18 yeah. Duany:18 years old? Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: After you graduated high school in Medan— Betty: Mm-hm Duany: —what college did you attend? Betty: Hmm, Institute Technology of Bandung, in Bandung. Duany: Interesting. So, can you tell me a little bit more about that school? I heard rumors from you before in the past, it was kind of like the MIT of Indonesia, but in Indonesia. [Both laugh] Betty: Yeah, so ITB is one of the best school in Indonesia. So, and it's uh technology school. So, I think it's more like MIT in here. So, for uh School of Technology, ITB is the best, it’s number one in Indonesia. That's why I compare it with MIT in here. Duany: Cool. Betty: Yep. Duany: So, sorry to backtrack a little bit. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: Back to your life in Medan. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: Despite all the challenging uh issues you've had to face such as adaptation and like how you said the education was much more advanced. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: You still had the ability to perform well to get into the quote unquote MIT of Indonesia. How is that possible? Betty: Yeah, because it's challenging just for—for me for the uh about the hmm study is challenging just for a few months, but after that, I can catch up with the uh with the— Duany: Material. �Betty: The material, yeah. It’s just challenging for like maybe like three or two or three months, but after that, I can catch up with the material. Duany: Interesting, so very on—very early in your life— Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: —you were born in Bah Jambi, sorry to trackback a little bit. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: But you were born in Bah Jambi. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: You moved to different plantations. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: Such as Mayang, and then you moved to Medan, and now, still very early in your life really in the grand scheme of things at the age of 18— Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: —you are now technically at one of the best schools in Indonesia. How does that feel for you at such a young age, already experiencing a lot in your life? Betty: Hmm I think that’s just uh common. I mean, not for everybody of course, but because uh I have a lot of friends from plantation, so they have the same life with me. So, I think my thinking myself think that, yeah, that's common not just me experienced that thing but a lot of my friends experience that thing also. And because like uh we in Medan, the university not really good, the quality—the grade is not very good. So most of the students in my high school at a time uh we aim for better university in Java Island like to uh University of Indonesia, that’s that one of the best also, or to university in Jogja. So that's why I don't feel like that's very special. I think that's—that's it's common. Duany: [Laughs] So could you say that it was kind of like the—your environment? Betty: Yeah. Duany: You're, for example, when you were in Medan, it was kind of like your high school friends that pushed you and each other to aim for higher education rather than like, your family, parents pushing you or your multiple siblings pushing you? Or was it a mixture of both? �Betty: Yeah, a mix of both, so in my family, also, uh told us, my parents also told us to, yeah, aim high. Something like that. And because like my school—I went to the best high school in Medan. That's why all of my friends like they hmm all of them like try to get into the best university in Indonesia. That's why it's like, dragging me to—to go high also, that’s why, I think. Duany: That's cool. Did your siblings also achieve any high education after high school of any sort? Betty: Yeah, all—uh, yeah, all of my—not all, uh, my siblings, uh, went to university also and my sister went to ITB. And that's from her I—because of her I think about to go ITB also. She influenced me to go there. Duany: [To the listener:] So she's referring to her sister, and my aunt, Elby. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: Older sister— Betty: Yeah. Duany: —that also went to the same college as her before my mother attended. So, you could say that she was like—was she your biggest role model at the time? Betty: Hmm, for school yeah, because she’s very smart. [Both laugh] Duany: That's cool. So okay. So now, right, you're 18 years old, you arrive to the Institute Technology of Bandung. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: It’s 1990. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: Around 1990. Um. You said in the past that in Medan, it was already hard to adapt. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: You know, because the people there were not all parents—uh sons and daughters of plantation workers. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: Now, how is it even different now the culture in Bandung compared to Medan, knowing that in Medan, for example, probably one of the highest Christian populations in Indonesia right now to Bandung an area with a lot of different ethnicities and religions such as Islam. �Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: How is the culture in Bandung compared to Medan or and even Bah Jambi? Betty: Yes, so the challenging mostly because of the culture, if it's about religion. Because in Medan, even though the Christian is like high percentage, but not really higher, it's like 50/50. So, when in Bandung it’s not about—the challenging not because of the religion, but because of the culture. Bandung is in West Java, so mostly the student in there is Sundanese. And because this is the best school, so the student came from all of our in Indonesia from middle—middle Java, East Java, and from another Island. So, it's like, we almost like every part in Indonesia came to ITB. Uh yeah, so it's another challenging, it's a different culture. And also the—yeah because this—I have to study hard in there, because it's not easy. Duany: [Laughs] That's very interesting. I like how you mentioned that. I always forget that the best schools means the best students from everywhere. So, it's such a diverse pool of people. Betty: Yeah. Duany: So, for you having to overcome diversity already in the past— Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: —such as in Medan, were you kind of used to it at this point, or was it still just even more challenging because the diversity was literally everybody from all parts of Indonesia? Betty: Hmm, I think uh—I think like just the same thing. I—I knew that I can handle it; that I can overcome all the challenging so I uh I knew that I just need some time. After that I know I will be okay, something like that. Duany: That’s cool. Betty: Yeah. Duany: But because of there's so many people— Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: —of all types, how, in ITB, how did you find your community or your friends? Betty: Uh, for the first, of course, the closest friends come from—my friends in the same major, because in, in ITB, if we are in the same major, so we have the same classes every day, so easy for—for us to make friends and to build up friendship. Because we meet every day, we study together, so we have fun together, so easy to uh build up a friendship in there. �Duany: So, if you wanted to make friends with other people outside your major, or even maybe people outside your graduating class, how was that possible? Betty: Uh we have like student club in here, we have something like that also in ITB. So, in that club, we can make friends with people from another major. So, for example, for—for me, I join uh the name of the club is Unit Kasiniyan Sumatra Utara so it's like, uh called art culture from uh North Sumatra. So—so the base is North Sumatra culture. And in that club, I met people from another major. And also, I join uh Christian organization we call Navigator. So, in that club, I met people from another major. So that's how I make friends with uh people outside from my major. Duany: Interesting. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: So, for example—oh, sorry, just to clarify the cultural club for North Sumatra? Betty: Mm-hm, Duany: North Sumatra is the province where—Medan is located in North Sumatra. Betty: Mm-hm, Duany: And as we know, my interviewee grew up in Medan. Betty: Yeah. Duany: So, it's kind of like a cultural art club related to some things she has probably done in Medan and other—and other cities in North Sumatra. And I was going to ask, umm, what activities did you guys do in that club that related back to, you know, your roots back in Medan or North Sumatra? Betty: So, in that club, we—we learn and also promote the North Sumatra culture. So, in North Sumatra, we have like Batak, uh Malayu, and like, six or seven, or maybe seven ethnic [groups] in North Sumatra, so we learn about that, their culture, and we promote that. So, it’s like we have a performance to—to show people our culture through dance, music, and uh everything that we can. From art, uh painting, something like that. Duany: Cool. Betty: Yeah. Duany: That’s really cool. Betty: Mm-hm. �Duany: And the other club, the Christian club, Navigators? Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: Can you explain like, what activities you do at that club or what events? Betty: Yeah, the regular activity is bible study, and sometimes we have picnic together, or we have uh sport, it’s like uh, we call it mini Olympics. So, we—we compete in athletic and everything, just for fun, and to know each other, something like that. Duany: That’s cool. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: I find it really cool how you adapt to ITB. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: One of the hardest places to adapt that you've experienced in your life so far— Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: —at this point, because it was just so diverse. You made new friends, you joined new clubs. Now, when did you meet your boyfriend that after soon became your husband? Betty: I met him in those two clubs in North Sumatra club and in Navigators. And yeah. [Both laugh] Duany: So, I guess um, what major was your boyfriend at the time? Betty: Yeah, he was in architecture. Duany: That’s cool. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: So, he was actually involved in both clubs? Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: That must be pretty interesting. So, it's like, oh, for you, you must have been—he related to your roots. Betty: Yeah. Duany: But at the same time, also a big fact that he was the same religion as you. �Betty: Yeah. Duany: Which is very interesting. Just a statistic: um Indonesia is a predominantly Muslim country with around 89 to 90% being a Muslim, and the rest of the 8% are divided into religions such as Hindu, Christianity. So, you can just imagine how small the population of Christians are in Indonesia. So, you—he became your boyfriend. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: You guys graduated the same year? Betty: Yeah. Duany: What year was that? Betty: 1995. Duany: 1995. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: 1995, you were 18 when you entered. Betty: Yes, so it’s like 23. Duany: So now, at this point in your life, you are 23 years old. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: So, after graduation, congratulations, by the way. Betty: Thank you. [Laughs] Duany: After graduation, um when did you marry your boyfriend? That is now your husband to this day? Betty: It’s 1997, December 1997. Duany: Interesting. So, during those two years, did you have a job or what were you doing? Betty: Yeah. Duany: After graduation basically. Betty: I worked in the consultant company related to environmental engineering. �Duany: Cool. Betty: Yeah, my major was environmental engineering. Duany: Nice, so, when you married— Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: —your hus—your now husband, in 1997 where did you guys live? Betty: In, oh, it's kind of interesting because before we married uh my boyfriend then [laughs] he was, uh got internship in Baltimore. So, before we married he went to—he came to Baltimore and he worked like six months and then he came back to Jakarta and we got married in Medan. And right after we got married we—together we came here to Baltimore and stay in Baltimore for one more year and after that we came back to Jakarta and we live in Jakarta until 2004. Duany: So, your husband—well, boyfriend at the time went to the United States in 1995? Betty: No, 1997. Duany: Oh, seven. Betty: Yeah, so we married on December, right? Duany: Right. Betty: So, he came here got internship uh on June, came back in December we got married and right after that we came together to United States for one more year. Duany: Oh. Betty: Yeah so we came back again to Indonesia in 1998, oh, 1999. Duany: Interesting. Betty: Yeah. Duany: So, when you first went to the United States, can you tell me how that process was like at the time? Betty: What kind of process? Duany: Uh for example, your husband had a internship. Betty: Yeah. �Duany: Right? Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: But how was he allowed to bring you? Betty: Oh yeah, we just uh applied for uh so for internship my husband have a H, no, J, J1 visa so, for the spouse the visa is J4, or J2, something like that. So, yeah I just apply for that kind of visa. Duany: And you got it? Betty: Yeah. Duany: Wow, I see. [Laughs] Betty: I think for the spouse is not as difficult as the—like my husband to get the J1 visa that’s difficult because it has to uh company or organization to uh apa nama nya, to give to sponsor that visa but for the spouse yeah as long as—it's not that difficult something like that. Duany: So, did your husband have to apply to the internship in Bal—to the one in Baltimore or was he received the opportunity? Betty: Uh, yeah so anytime uh the consultant that he got intern to, they have project in Indonesia, uh the project that uh from the company that—my husband’s name is Kurnia, that Kurnia work with and then because of the partnership and Kurnia got the chance that got a opportunity to intern to this company in US. That's how he got the opportunity. Duany: Oh, that's really cool. So, can you clarify again, after you were married in 1997— Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: You went to the US for one year, nine—so, 1997 to 1998. Betty: Yeah. Duany: And I know that my older brother, my—which is my—also my only sibling. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: He was also born in— Betty: In here. Duany: Baltimore. �Betty: Yeah. Duany: And he was a US citizen because of that. Betty: Yeah. Duany: Even though— Betty: Even though— Duany: —shortly after, you guys went back to Jakarta? Betty: Yeah. Because uh—Ame—United States they, uh what is it called? Like, sanc—there's a term for it that people who was born in here, automatically they—they have uh US citizenship. There's a term for that kind of things. [Birth Right Citizenship] Duany: Hmm. Betty: So that's why even though we are Indonesian, but because Mesakh was born in here, automatically, he has a US citizenship. Duany: Oh, I see, Mesakh, uh is the name of the—my older brother that was born here. Betty: Yep. Duany: Which is also my only sibling. So, when you guys moved back to Jakarta it was 1999? Betty: Yeah. Duany: And how long were you guys there for? Betty: Uh until 2004. So, it’s like five years? Duany: Okay, so five years in Jakarta, right? Betty: Yeah. Duany: Now, you’ve been to—you’ve been from Bah Jambi, Mayang, very small plantation areas, to Medan— Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: —a big city— Betty: Mm-hm. �Duany: And then college in— Betty: Bandung. Duany: Bandung, and now you’re at Jakarta. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany; Which is not only the capital city of Indonesia, but you could also call it as like the New York City in terms of center of trade, right? Betty: Yeah, commercial. Duany: And also, not having to mention already experiencing a little bit of United States. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: How did that feel for you at the time at a relatively young age already experiencing so much? Betty: [Laughs] Uh, I don't really think of it. So, I just maybe because I am kind of people who like, yeah just go with the flow. [Laughs] So, I don't really think much about it. So yeah. So, whenever there’s opportunity just grab it. And then yeah, just try to adapt and just try to love it. Yeah, for me, yeah, it’s something like that. Duany: So, you weren't—so you—I'm guessing it was very quick for you to adapt to Jakarta’s very busy lifestyle. Lots of traffic. Betty: Yeah, but because even though we live in Jakarta, but we live in area, uh, that it's like, it's not really crowded. So, and because I'm—I wasn't working at the time, so I'm a full time uh housewife. Just full-time mother. So, I don't have to face the all the crowd, crowdness, all the traffic jam in Jakarta. So, for me at the time, it was okay. Because I just stay at home and everything in our—near my—our house, everything in there. So, if I need to go to hospital, or to market, or school, everything in there just close by so I don't need to go outside. Uh outside to downtown, something like that. So, I don't have to face traffic jam and all the crowdness, something like that. Duany: [Laughs] That’s cool. And in 2001, you gave birth to your second son— Betty: Yaaay! Duany: —in Jakarta, which is me. Betty: [Laughs] �Duany: So—but I am Indonesian citizen. Betty: Yup. Duany: How did it make you feel when you had one son that's a US citizen, but living in Indonesia and having another son as an Indonesian citizen living in Indonesia? Betty: Hmm, yeah. Yeah because we live in Indonesia so it doesn't matter, I think. Duany: [Laughs]. Betty: And even though like even Mesakh is a US citizen, but because uh we’re the parents is are Indonesian so—so I think it doesn't matter because I'm Indonesian, even though Mesakh a US citizen, and we live in Indonesia. But as long as I'm Indonesian, I think that's fine. So, the uh the challenging is when we come—come back to US because we are not US citizen so uh I think that's the challenge. But when we live in Indonesia, it's not a pob—a problem. Duany: Hmm, so when did you officially move to the United States? Betty: 2004. Duany: Your—how did the process of that work? Betty: Yes, so Kurnia, my husband, got opportunity to come back to here, to United States. So— Duany: Baltimore? Betty: Baltimore. And at that time, he came here with H1 Visa; that’s a visa for work. And then after he settle like a few months after he got apartment for us, and then he came to Baltimore, to join him. Duany: You came to Baltimore. Betty: Yeah. With you too. Duany: Oh yeah. Betty: And Mesakh. Duany: So, we were living under, at that point, it was called the H1 Visa— Betty: H1. Duany: —but then it got converted to— Betty: To permanent resident. �Duany: —Permanent Green Card Resident? Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: Okay, interesting. So, why did you come to United States despite having a comfortable life in Jakarta? Why did Kurnia, your husband, my father, take the opportunity? Betty: Yeah, because uh we think that uh America has a better opportunity for uh better life, better education, especially for you and Mesakh. That's why we take that opportunity because, mostly because, yeah, in here, everything better. So, like the environment, the school, the education, and health system. That's why, especially like at the time Mesakh was in the treatment for leukemia. So that's why this uh to came to America it's like uh very best opportunity for us to get best uh health system for Mesakh, best treatment for Mesakh. That's why we took that opportunity. Duany: Wow very inspiring. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: And now he's a healthy— Betty: Yup. Duany: —guy. [Laughs] Cool. So, how did your family and your friends, such as like you said in Medan your long—your best friend— Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: —and then friends from college, how did they feel when you announced you're coming to the United States? Betty: Yeah, they, uh, I think they—I don't really—I never asked them how they feel about that. But I think uh they happy for me? Duany: [Laughs] Cool. So now that you're in the United States— Betty: Yeah. Duany: —you start fresh again. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: Just like how you have in Medan. Betty: Yeah. �Duany: And just like how you have in Bandung. And even in Jakarta a little bit. Betty: Yeah. Duany: How did you accommodate to this new lifestyle? Betty: Mm, for the second time came to US is, of course, much easier than for—from the first time because for the second time, I already knew about United States. I knew about the culture and yeah so it's uh I've—I think at that time, I feel so excited about everything in here so I don't feel is I don't think it's difficult to adjust. I feel excited. Duany: Cool. Betty: Yeah, no, everything, [laughs] yeah, I don't feel any fear or—or difficulties. Even though there's—there was challenging, of course, but I was excited! Duany: Wow. Betty: Yeah. Duany: That’s really cool. It seems like you have matured and just grew to be a stronger person. Betty: I think so, yeah. Duany: Cool, umm, of course coming from Indonesia, you spoke Bahasa Indonesian. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: Were there any language barriers of any sort when you move to the United States? Betty: Of course, uh language is the—the most difficult uh to adopt, to make friends, to—yeah to everything. But I feel like I don't really care about it because I’m I think, Yeah, of course I don't have uh good English or I cannot speak English fluently because I'm not brought with that language so I don't really care about it. [Laughs] As long as I can understand and people can understand me. So yeah, that's what I think. If maybe peep—people uh feel like uh put—no, looked down on me because of that, but I don't really care because— Duany: [Laughs] Betty: —because I think, yeah, it doesn't matter. Can you speak Indonesian? Duany: [Laughs] Betty: No. Right? Yeah. So that's the same thing. �Duany: Can you explain again clarify when and where you learn to speak English? Betty: Uh I learn English back from middle school? Duany: Wow. So, you took the little English you learned in middle school all the way to the United States? Betty: Yeah, but, you know, in school, even though you learn new language, like years and years— Duany: Mm-hm. Betty: —but it's not really help, actually. But yeah, at least I know the uh yeah, at least, I know a little bit even though it's not enough to—to, what? To make you— Duany: Yeah. Betty: —to help you make conversation with someone from another language, something like that. Duany: So, did a lot of learning just come from— Betty: After I live in here. Duany: Coming, watching shows— Betty: Yeah watching, yes. Duany: —in English? Betty: Yeah and reading books. Duany: Reading books in English, talking to people in English? Betty: Yeah. Duany: Okay, that’s really cool. So, when you first arrived to the United States— Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: —you said you were living in an apartment, right? Betty: Yeah. Duany: What jobs did you work? �Betty: Uh, for the first time I just stay home, and then after a few years, I work in uh dry cleaners. Laundromat dry cleaners. Duany: And, at the time, it was a walking distance of— Betty: Yeah, it's like across the street. Duany: [Laughs] Less than two minutes. Betty: Yeah. Duany: Something like that. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: That's kind of incredible. So, when you first um came to the United States, you did not have a personal vehicle or you did? Betty: For the first time? Of course not. We have uh to use public transportation. Because we don't have driver license yet. Duany: And even when you officially moved in 2004 you still did not have a car for how long? Betty: Hmm, I don't remember, either six months or a year, something like that. Duany: Wow, so how was life like without, you know, any private vehicle and having to rely on public transportations, like bus routes? Was it difficult at the time? Betty: Yeah, of course, it's difficult. That's why we live in city, so we can uh use public transportation. So, it's just like we need to walk to uh bus station. And then yeah, it's not really difficult, but it's not easy too but it was okay. Duany: [Laughs] Betty: We can enjoy even though at the time we don't have a car, but I remember we went to uh places that far away. Maybe we have to spend like, one hour—one—almost two hours in the bus, just for to go to shopping center, or to Annapolis, but we went. We still go everywhere. I mean, we don't want to just stay at home because we don't have car. Duany: Mm-hm. Betty: That's why I told you even though it's not easy, but we're—we were very excited. So, we just go everywhere we just do everything we want to do. Duany: [Laughs] �Betty: [Laughing] So nothing can stop us at that time. Duany: I really praise your ability to adapt and utilize and maximize the best out of your time. Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: Not—and using your disadvantages as advantages, kind of— Betty: Mm-hm. Duany: —to still do what you really want to do. Betty: Yeah. Duany: That's really cool. Umm so of course you know, your whole life you’ve been moving everywhere, you've been meeting new friends. Betty: Mm-hm Duany: How in the United States did you meet new people or find a community? Betty: Of course, the first community we went to is a Indonesian community, so we made friends from Indonesia, we are all Indonesian. And then we went to church and this is new community for us, church, and we went to Indonesian community but in another city from our— the same ethnic, it's Batak ethnic we went to that community. Yeah so pretty much we try to make a lot of friends in here so we can feel like at home because we have friends. Duany: Nice. But despite having all these new communities did you ever have a—a longing, like you miss home, you miss family, you miss your friends back in Indonesia? Betty: Yeah, of course, uh, especially family because friends cannot replace family, you know? Even though we have a lot of friends in here we are happy in here, but still we—we miss our family because like I said friends cannot replace family. So, and uh not just the family itself but also the—the place like because I grew up in Indonesia, so I miss Indonesia a lot. I like miss the food even though I can have that kind of food in here also, but, yeah, the situation is different so that—that things still I miss. That's why uh I try to go home every year, go to Indonesia every year so I can meet family, I can uh feel uh the sit—Indonesian situation again, not just the food but the feeling, you know? And yeah everything in Indonesia, that's why I tried to go to Indonesia go home every year. Duany: Nice. In the summer, right? Betty: In the summer. Duany: So, me and my brother could come. �Betty: Yup. Duany: So just to clarify, we—we go home every summer? Betty: Yeah. Duany: Around ever since 2010 it was almost every summer and we've just still became much deeply rooted in our Indonesian cultures while also still being raised in the United States. So, it's very interesting and I'm thankful that you allow us to experience the Indonesian life despite having a normal American upbringing. So, thank you for that, and um yeah that's awesome! So, you—you found a new community, you took advantage of every opportunity you could in America, and eventually over time, just like the past um 17 years you've been here— Betty: Mm-hm Duany: —you've kind—you just became used to it, you still make new friends, can you just tell me how your experiences are now after these years of being in the United States? Betty: Hmm. Yeah, uh I love United States, I like being here, I love the—yeah, everything in here. All the—all the, yeah, culture and pretty much everything. It's like my home. Not like, but it is my home here in America. So, I think I'm a lucky person because I have two home, Indonesia and America. Duany: Mm-hm. Betty: So yeah, I'm lucky. I—I uh have uh experience to live in Indonesia and United States. And I'm happy, and I'm rich in experience, that's what I say. Duany: That's beautiful. Great. Is there anything else you'd like to tell us before we finish? Betty: Hmm. Thank you for interviewing me. Duany: [Laughs] Betty: Because before you ask me this kind of question, sometimes I don't think about it. But when you asked me and then I think and that's makes me—uh that's a reminder for me that I am a lucky person that I have a lot of blessing in my life. Thank you. Duany: Yep, no problem. And thank you for being my interviewee, that concludes it. Thank you. Betty: Yaaay! � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spring 2021 Interviews Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Duany Philip Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Betty Junianti Simarmata Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Betty Simarmata Description An account of the resource This interview between Duany Philip and Betty Simarmata goes into the experiences of Betty, an Indonesian immigrant that has lived in the United States ever since 2004. Although Betty had to overcome challenges when coming to the United States, her experiences in Indonesia gave her the strength to move despite the major differences in culture, people, and lifestyle. Her upbringing in plantation farms, living in the city of Medan, Bandung, and even Jakarta have shaped her identity as a proud Indonesian to this day. Her story emphasizes how culture is important to an immigrant’s life because it gives a sense of identity of who you are and where you come from. This interview was conducted as part of an undergraduate final project for the University of Maryland, College Park course HIST 428M (Spring 2021). This course was led by Professor Anne Rush of the Department of History, College of Arts and Humanities, and was sponsored by the Center for Global Migration Studies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Duany Philip Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Center for Global Migration Studies Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 9, 2021 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The full rights of this oral history interview were given by the interviewee to the University of Maryland, College Park. This interview may be quoted from, published, or broadcast in any medium that the University of Maryland, College Park shall deem appropriate. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF, M4A, jpg Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Christianity culture family friendship Indonesia religion https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/4e46ef26f95be3066d3ee52df48ddc71.jpg?Expires=1781740800&Signature=sp4NVBdX1AwLdki9VrosE9jYdGAXW9ByPi2%7EK1Wxwb6IHRvmvV5R6tamgRvLnqg99yrw29HppwIGIK033jMpj4Vkp7kFjSPMp3ss9893U7sF5waaw2rGiqDCYPmB2EAn-CLlywRmXLUrzn03kO-vR-Fc0KkuVUa-c3i-ga7K7wCqD3r5wWrebaQIzUnFT6tOQg%7Ea%7ECkP%7ECxhNKjLCFJ7sSCE8F85Fqf-mviOdTO66xNDUq6VEYqkTTYKpoN5FGrcBXpZRDqlVReduC5sFQVYzKLBmHqyR%7EuI4O8KhAR%7EevFUZn%7Eq1ZOCKgrYOWd%7EJL%7EoSdh722vEuixzG%7EewyB9Asg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d264268db2fba458f4e177840696ac07 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/f5b347dfec7f208637de855855d68066.pdf?Expires=1781740800&Signature=kQymREwC-IAVmFkjQjBBZNvIiPEj5sSX-aN1H6JeFiAwZWYYFZ3Z6K3WX-CliDSLVCZvPh7vmWEnlsR%7E56PHpmOha1sBESoF7oO64F8MM-LA7kmP1soYWfsp0h4ZSYJpYnR-zdBrh7ed58IP8OefJzImUfbBjfj9eqgsqR9mjC8ycJotMdiaJnfydmL70rhVMayRTPM7SVdEqQermBvPWolI4SnNjJCvztMHCfQ-I16c8lIHlR-QlO1DOxcyHbHRAX9oIVF6Vkz1RqeeM1ocFyLUvUlpEJEa2lL1EAU3gXoJuzySerYQo-w9k2oM3O95-p79ilpaUZiky2fMbztB6A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c0a904b4a16e33f966a7aaff97139583 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/e230250bc2d742052da30ff9535ccda7.mp3?Expires=1781740800&Signature=JcpXfFufERqJE-juAPMxo1Kv-LtEnKUXombjKhQfkaixx3HikYSsF6o8dSxylZtzNB4YZp94xKTHlAz-2N3sqrDTyw1OT7YIatRPW18QmtbuoYbiLxiIzdJgjxzSZBLNMj1OhuxOgKvOkOyhn8GVIDelhi4ojny5QLed7JAUzHWMjYDCXWvwLTaMeJkQOgn8YVFLBRFCUovYB8oT-82YS3NCr%7EVUKhKQQ2xSShlG8yHeHXhCdHrBCdanB96WFMUl%7E98pDOrPARGPluxUXTzR9OXq1SrRJviixFi%7EzNFRP3i7E9y6ATzTaLR4Qhrv6eh0dwzsVmfFbfKDjFYpxaNsBQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1b333211efc54781e560e04a83975ce2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spring 2019 Interviews Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Nicholas Banai Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed John Zhang Location The location of the interview College Park, Maryland, USA Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data PDF, MP3, JPG Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of John Zhang Description An account of the resource This interview between Nicholas Banai and John Zhang explores John's experiences as an immigrant to the United States from China. At 18 years old, John traveled from Zhuhai to the University of California, Davis to get his bachelor's degree. Now a graduate student at the University of Maryland, John discusses his conversion to Christianity and the differences between China and the United States. This interview was conducted as part of an undergraduate final project for the University of Maryland, College Park course HIST428M (Spring 2019). This course was led by Professor Anne Rush of the History Department, College of Arts and Humanities, and was sponsored by the Center for Global Migration Studies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nicholas Banai Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Center for Global Migration Studies Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 6, 2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The full rights of this oral history interview were given by the interviewee to the University of Maryland, College Park. This interview may be quoted from, published, or broadcast in any medium that the University of Maryland, College Park shall deem appropriate. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3, PDF Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History censorship China Christianity cultural differences Diversity East Asia education engineering ethnicity food Green Card higher education immigration process Language Barrier movies parents politics Protests religion science sponsorship Student Visa US politics visa https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/adefa1d01fa76aca3d2bba1a1ae19a97.jpg?Expires=1781740800&Signature=TjJtWM9D9VzCEXaaklfcUvjAGqPPjuyY09fC0lG4W6u5KNsRiPNOghNz3JeTOBJpJT70Hn3ROTnplIihtNwnNSIapPilkNlJFk9bRnD%7Eik2Jl40k2KrMjeVHLAgn7QqL6wtS3a%7EcUSNmfBogCx47ITwN1H3BAZfLn8KNYYrPjIIWi7A-d8I%7E5e3rNkwa-adWz8VQABbt6P%7E7faTWM7yc5vWfh8MDh-PLpLk9AGW6Wd4oy9dAcrJm60lxIVgnyw3YHu6-S8hDeHJrmmQ%7EUax9HhP04nC8tA4SFKg2YLCsO1n566-BstSSXF6N7JZJQ3jgZxRhMQnltXuszdWsQyX2eA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e44943da4ee18bcfadeab7b3c4253948 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/b5f36f5c539d10579d8e42a19b1e5e7c.pdf?Expires=1781740800&Signature=eIfuKW6fY-k7EfyAPHuPrLUmw5UclYhlm4NpsKq3GrnOF4f5pLAiasiSqwP7AYQd-QdqInlP3bNrae4yomE6kpcPS2-eoZ%7E54FYpW0oCfmTe0ouWKbqPSxiaHfiQtdfoGOn8WFAdSVwlYeh5IcCfdQ1kwkbr%7E9esiiATZ52gQsxjBCmxIyIZ-oGutY93TZFulwyxdec1ehhpdiQpdRxOtmCGxtSoM9kSS9H2p1a84ZPeTwnYrBqSd0LfqsQDg-JG3kEPpoHjZ2Ddna%7EeAA9PoxYatoO%7ENkE1SgMhnnHSwKjSzHbdiioZKaR8%7EoOgXF8WcHtcUFHoUDyY-4dMAeaxJg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 44c1aadb160d1eabdf9d76b20a597ccb https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/f0e8032951acf728990f409cee78f0b1.mp3?Expires=1781740800&Signature=V455XxRD5Ge7uFbLJ5ZhHGe5wpBWmOplzVA1uE3i58xk62FW8TKQ%7EynR2n35UiCfFAW2MNXWAsUAuQqEljaikY5QegbVKVg%7EBYziK4I62q7joWW46--pa7sxK55AX5FAA0FmTqlsQ8%7ETgev8kCk3Ky2vSTaBXMPHqCOeCPG%7EJEem3hZ1clX4KAU4JBx439hnALn7htpNdjlh3ch8uNo92hy3QRXAewPBSwNqgZFZfJtRGLG-ZOJ5Va75v8Ks3q5a3oXK8E%7EFvFC%7EntCbPaFviloG4TVgpEJVSsMPywGvBZ5uF6QIE-9cKs7F5OKIA8rWTIyjCVlmWmkfImABaVcBVQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c2264e8c8fec942873f2f726a27d9c8f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource African and African Diaspora Immigrant Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Description An account of the resource This collection contains oral histories of migrants from Africa and the African Diaspora (drawn largely from the Caribbean, Central America, and South America). In April 2020, the Center for Global Migration Studies, in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture, will hold a symposium entitled “Making African America: Immigration and the Changing Dynamics of Blackness.” The stories in this collection demonstrate some of the key themes of the symposium: transnational ties to homeland countries; the intersectional experience of being an immigrant and black in the United States; and migrants’ influences on U.S. culture, politics, and society. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Center for Global Migration Studies Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF, JPG, MP3, M4A Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Eric Jefferson Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Matthias Bannister Location The location of the interview Rockville, Maryland Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data PDF, MP3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Matthias Bannister Subject The topic of the resource This interview of Matthias Bannister, an immigrant from Sierra Leone to the United States, explores issues of heritage, family, identity, racism, and religion. Matthias discusses his family history, his childhood in Sierra Leone, his experience moving to the United States, and politics and religion. This interview was conducted as part of an undergraduate final project for the University of Maryland, College Park course THET489V (Spring 2018). This course was led by Professor Esther Lee of the Theater Department, College of Arts and Humanities, and was sponsored by the Center for Global Migration Studies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Eric Jefferson Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Center for Global Migration Studies Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 31, 2018 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The full rights of this oral history interview were given by the interviewee to the University of Maryland, College Park. This interview may be quoted from, published, or broadcast in any medium that the University of Maryland, College Park shall deem appropriate. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource African and African Diaspora Immigrant Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Description An account of the resource This collection contains oral histories of migrants from Africa and the African Diaspora (drawn largely from the Caribbean, Central America, and South America). In April 2020, the Center for Global Migration Studies, in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture, will hold a symposium entitled “Making African America: Immigration and the Changing Dynamics of Blackness.” The stories in this collection demonstrate some of the key themes of the symposium: transnational ties to homeland countries; the intersectional experience of being an immigrant and black in the United States; and migrants’ influences on U.S. culture, politics, and society. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Center for Global Migration Studies Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF, JPG, MP3, M4A Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Olivia Brann Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Emmanuel Bonabe Location The location of the interview Baltimore, Maryland Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data PDF, MP3, JPG Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Emmanuel Bonabe Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Olivia Brann Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Center for Global Migration Studies Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 14th, 2018 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The full rights of this oral history interview were given by the interviewee to the University of Maryland, College Park. This interview may be quoted from, published, or broadcast in any medium that the University of Maryland, College Park shall deem appropriate. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF, MP3, JPG Language A language of the resource English Subject The topic of the resource This interview delves into the story of Emmanuel Bonabe, a man from Cameroon, Africa. Topics include the rich cultural diversity of Cameroon, Bonabe's early memories of subsistence practices, such as hunting and farming, and his ultimate decision to move to the United States. This interview was conducted as part of an undergraduate final project for the University of Maryland, College Park course THET489V (Spring 2018). This course was led by Professor Esther Lee of the Theater Department, College of Arts and Humanities, and was sponsored by the Center for Global Migration Studies. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource African and African Diaspora Immigrant Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Description An account of the resource This collection contains oral histories of migrants from Africa and the African Diaspora (drawn largely from the Caribbean, Central America, and South America). In April 2020, the Center for Global Migration Studies, in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture, will hold a symposium entitled “Making African America: Immigration and the Changing Dynamics of Blackness.” The stories in this collection demonstrate some of the key themes of the symposium: transnational ties to homeland countries; the intersectional experience of being an immigrant and black in the United States; and migrants’ influences on U.S. culture, politics, and society. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Center for Global Migration Studies Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF, JPG, MP3, M4A Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Katie Evans Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Pastor Gloria Cline-Smythe Location The location of the interview Lanham, MD Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data PDF, MP3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Pastor Gloria Cline-Smythe Description An account of the resource This interview between Katie Evans and Pastor Gloria Cline-Smythe explores Cline-Smythe's experiences as an immigrant to the United States from Sierra Leone. Pastor Gloria Cline-Smythe talks about her life before she left Sierra Leone in 1991. She rose through local government and eventually became city manager of Freetown, the capital Sierra Leone. Family plays a major role throughout her story. She talks about her younger siblings as if they were her own. Later on, her son and future grandson were the reasons why she came to the United States. Another major theme throughout her interview was the role of religion in her life. Religion was a key part of her life growing up, and this is something she continues as a local Lutheran pastor. Pastor Gloria’s story is an enthralling journey told through themes like religion, family, and African culture. This interview was conducted as part of an undergraduate final project for the University of Maryland, College Park course HIST428M: "Oral History of Immigration" (Spring 2017). This course was led by Professor Anne Rush of the History Department, College of Arts and Humanities, and was sponsored by the Center for Global Migration Studies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Katie Evans Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Center for Global Migration Studies Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 6, 2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The full rights of this oral history interview were given by the interviewee to the University of Maryland, College Park. This interview may be quoted from, published, or broadcast in any medium that the University of Maryland, College Park shall deem appropriate. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spring 2017 Interviews Description An account of the resource These interviews were conducted as part of an undergraduate final project for the University of Maryland, College Park courses THET428I (Spring 2017) and HIST428M (Spring 2017). THET428I was led by Professor Esther Lee of the School of Theatre, Dance, and Performance Studies, HIST428M was led by Professor Anne Rush of the Department of History, College of Arts and Humanities. Both courses were sponsored by the Center for Global Migration Studies. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Montana Monardes Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Julio Cerón Location The location of the interview Silver Spring, MD Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data PDF, MP3, JPG Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Julio Cerón Description An account of the resource This interview between Montana Monardes and Julio Cerón explores Cerón's experiences as an immigrant to the United States from El Salvador This interview was conducted as part of an undergraduate final project for the University of Maryland, College Park course THET428I (Spring 2017). This course was led by Professor Esther Lee of the School of Theatre, Dance, and Performance Studies, and was sponsored by the Center for Global Migration Studies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Montana Monardes, Emmanuel Cerón (translator) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Center for Global Migration Studies Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The full rights of this oral history interview were given by the interviewee to the University of Maryland, College Park. This interview may be quoted from, published, or broadcast in any medium that the University of Maryland, College Park shall deem appropriate. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spring 2017 Interviews Description An account of the resource These interviews were conducted as part of an undergraduate final project for the University of Maryland, College Park courses THET428I (Spring 2017) and HIST428M (Spring 2017). THET428I was led by Professor Esther Lee of the School of Theatre, Dance, and Performance Studies, HIST428M was led by Professor Anne Rush of the Department of History, College of Arts and Humanities. Both courses were sponsored by the Center for Global Migration Studies. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Iliana Papnicolaou Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Penelope Costas Location The location of the interview North Bethesda, MD Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data PDF, MP3, Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Penelope Costas Description An account of the resource This interview between Iliana Papanicolaou and Penelope Costas explores Costas' experiences as an immigrant to the United States from Greece. This interview was conducted as part of an undergraduate final project for the University of Maryland, College Park course THET428I (Spring 2017). This course was led by Professor Esther Lee of theSchool of Theatre, Dance, and Performance Studies, and was sponsored by the Center for Global Migration Studies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Iliana Papanicolaou Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Center for Global Migration Studies Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 17, 2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The full rights of this oral history interview were given by the interviewee to the University of Maryland, College Park. This interview may be quoted from, published, or broadcast in any medium that the University of Maryland, College Park shall deem appropriate. art assimilation Christianity cultural differences culture education employment England Europe food grandchildren Greece religion traditions https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/54ae426e196beb398ff533ed35e2e907.jpg?Expires=1781740800&Signature=BGKErB1z2yJxkHCSyPJgN98prJ37JWQFFYX%7Etdh3yv25T4Vgtkc%7EAFNmU3FFMNgDuvlUM2boaIAwBE2M87XNtjXVx1q5YMBWQzterlgVf-E7y%7EZeZ4E%7EcFmM7b3MsuH4gXzsylwjDrj6nXPJIpQ2Q9ZQyUA5umtr1Q21mnPJ%7Eu6x0icissc3X4HE725pOgjCnFUkajVqKK2tFQRKeBFNHdoHp7N9ERFvV2LTPf4HLemBg9X8KXwOpKILAYQmoFGgSW5sOsDcW65aJw0047CiG1LRGgKA2FF7IIc7DqitmgFjZJ5EJpUDoNyphp7Qn8Fa1XtZUp1yArJeIlHehvorFA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e44943da4ee18bcfadeab7b3c4253948 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/5fa73d6d284f582fef128025ac7c7ca0.pdf?Expires=1781740800&Signature=irzxAJoPD-ATSZYd8dyiO6YkB8cvR6J44a3QmRWyDKn0NjWGKO4yHpkPmSvgTPpjX1TJfe6l6WC8oH0c%7EfdGtjgSFrvVG%7E5CNromKsflpvgTUAJuYMqeXdzY37m-qdNShjEHlyucphp6hepvDlPjaKw4lEZ2mXWvqDCH9ddY-INbuclfCDMdAsKjRaDBPbNwDF9PT0gwdMtZkHCcYzU4LnwW7NlzarFkSocnCSL2D2IAz3iZ5LgfDSTv75YpYRBPYw3V2rAkgmpZzohWKlaUxOCIfaKwmfp6q1xjTgXpoyOUD-uceoQ%7EGLdxQHCqXf85A33-md40dfxPrEGAn3CjhQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0c7018622964147af61c56eeeba3d8af https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/0363ae32a17f83180d766617af0fe6f2.m4a?Expires=1781740800&Signature=e%7EsUxEKAqwmuu6C4zag3kLO7nPe38VtnDfuNn%7EdqoZbgXy0KzvNtDEetNRAPTmT0vViFTMCM6PCODSk1vgW44IfgA0dX7r%7EPsei0EweBNYy-9oeahHJZYn%7EzeMIoqkSDrb5RAKxSqAjVx8uay7vTCm5dezl1Eu%7ERGuxywQsKr-I8Ay7TdA3ODCUBUgLzVNbupKG0z-TuWVdU2DThWguOtwUng6kKQe2TjiSoDDumnmdGMnmaWwXLRqVR12ChMT9Rs8Y7HKeQ-ytCJpjI%7EoCsbzh7ClreGgkjBwYPxbOGjGLYacyoFFgCCoNou3FfP4-UJPcoXEUrXgSIcpg93dUx%7EQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 52a6692091f7311807468d55d6a1c7c1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spring 2016 Interviews Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Center for Global Migration Studies (formerly Center for the History of the New America) Description An account of the resource These interviews were conducted as part of an undergraduate final project for the University of Maryland, College Park course IMMR400 (Spring 2016). This course was led by Professor Thomas Castillo of the History Department, College of Arts and Humanities, and was sponsored by the Center for Global Migration Studies (formerly the Center for the History of the New America). Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Lauren Wise Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Azhena Abraham Location The location of the interview Lovettsville, VA Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound PDF Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Born Digital: MPEG-4 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 51:42 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Azhena Abraham Description An account of the resource This interview between Lauren Wise and Azhena Abraham explores Abraham's experience as an immigrant to the United States from Albania. This interview was conducted as part of an undergraduate final project for the University of Maryland, College Park course IMMR400 (Spring 2016). This course was led by Professor Thomas Castillo of the History Department, College of Arts and Humanities, and was sponsored by the Center for Global Migration Studies (formerly the Center for the History of the New America). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lauren Wise Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Center for Global Migration Studies (Center for the History of the New America) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 6, 2016 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The full rights of this oral history interview were given by the interviewee to the University of Maryland, College Park. This interview may be quoted from, published, or broadcast in any medium that the University of Maryland, College Park shall deem appropriate. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MPEG-4, PDF Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Albania Christianity Citizenship communism cultural differences culture education employment Europe exchange student family reunification food gender gender roles government employment higher education Holiday Traditions language marriage religion Soviet Union traditions visa Women https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/eab7c8b90bc24e1efa6b9716e14fdb99.jpg?Expires=1781740800&Signature=aAKIbAWPSK7ED%7EvvZqy3dJ2CJCxKE1JyCHqd1YkAvXW%7EzkaEOVkXFfhVIN8fsNam4l-yhMBW-gAHMywo6IIZCq2wgNKnLMs2Dy-qF4Xl0XPC39YtjaFAVOKPiNCjydrETGGMuNng0o4uCy7Fl47VQOiN1N2nRpTdw70ngpANCQfVMJNHwxotvHniOn53qLQC9KBMwOXH8KVnhOUMtexWgjWhAOmgy-8wNWRPg1rHFmTEMpckYFa5SMgvKWFJfmfePCuI7aTSVNKIuTeXiRUfb6kPWtB9tOYnVz%7EGq4YJKPlwtPzQU6zf9o3MgndVP0RVreMfANU2OpLhBx17lxR3tA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7436580fd9fa7e165c8dfe1634f6bf28 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/7cda2186965a16ce0b653a9c12dd1f6a.wma?Expires=1781740800&Signature=an%7Eiz01uPmoJIq2-y-X33uDy9fs3Oz-EOVypJSV8kOWZ0G9MlmT-Ww2bdA6y9poIZmL02b-Lf2gV0GlYQCQlh-%7ElkclgfTQpmu7dIX5N5FqMsxQ5DG3QDzFC7C27XfWv8OoG5D2088ViE9XNeql4f5qkiz9ZY424LCVuVndfMSh4RS4sb1%7EPTpJCja%7EWlOTnk1hMTbvlDVGjPInhujYbxCDSXFGBKFkH3AmuktnY0EycAFoOQkEwFQdw1OzrTsGppC7cKk-XiI1ymbaZs14yAyFo9hwqn8Yp8VD3p4D031oiNxB4d92bpHuRTXlaXNk%7Ec71tPWaYsoF0M%7EA1qkX7%7Ew__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6ce71530d4f45ae7cb53de7c0ded80e5 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/16159/archive/files/97560fb625e36d2601fe3d55fea0e27f.pdf?Expires=1781740800&Signature=nu%7E3AGomLV7IHRT3bcSyV-idqSZqW1YiyEKc05Rh2Zg679tZbVUwBxtbdP8sZ3CHU8IUCB3xi%7ElXd-z26j%7EMhtKXxo%7EXM7X5HjAy7PHLviRfKLpnWxRAMWRzYSYyibv8KROPLeLv2cYDI2QYCXCV7eY%7EdJheP%7ESjpcS9q3BSOT0Vo-JGlf5ctDiyC0RfvEtPvZ4Qp3jp9iqbruH-k-FOAw2d4WipRLZguNc08gpkr2268UuQOxfQtJNrajb-S42sTIB7FP6J6aOP413taHadMfCrYPZOjuHznGJccRq-tdZHqFwIGRvHKZq8jLFginh3xBLj6dToOwdx%7Ez-%7E0v2X4Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 41cfd9fcb2c244c82cfe25910722f3c0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource African and African Diaspora Immigrant Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Description An account of the resource This collection contains oral histories of migrants from Africa and the African Diaspora (drawn largely from the Caribbean, Central America, and South America). In April 2020, the Center for Global Migration Studies, in conjunction with the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture, will hold a symposium entitled “Making African America: Immigration and the Changing Dynamics of Blackness.” The stories in this collection demonstrate some of the key themes of the symposium: transnational ties to homeland countries; the intersectional experience of being an immigrant and black in the United States; and migrants’ influences on U.S. culture, politics, and society. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Center for Global Migration Studies Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF, JPG, MP3, M4A Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Saldana, Stephanie Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Ojo, Vivian Location The location of the interview Maryland Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:17:51 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview of Vivian Ojo Description An account of the resource The interview conducted was of Vivian Ojo, a senior in 2014 at Georgetown University. Originally from Windhoek, Namibia, Vivian came to the United States to attend college. Vivian discusses her desire to pursue higher education, the ways in which her choice to attend college and immigrate to the United States were influenced by her parents, and the new opportunities that have opened up as a result of her move to America. Throughout the interview, Vivian talks about individual development, globalization, and the role that religion played (and continues to play) in her transnational identity. Stephanie Saldana (the interviewer) and Vivian worked together in 2014 as interns on the ONE Campaign, a non-profit organization that advocates to alleviate poverty and hunger in Africa. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 26, 2014 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This interview was conducted as part of an undergraduate final project for the University of Maryland, College Park course HIST428N Immigrant Life Stories: An Oral History Practicum (spring 2014). This course was led by Professor Thomas A. Castillo of the History Department, College of Arts and Humanities, and was sponsored by the Center for the New America. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Center for the History of the New America Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource The full rights of this oral history interview were given by the interviewee to the University of Maryland, College Park. This interview may be quoted from, published, or broadcast in any medium that the University of Maryland, College Park shall deem appropriate. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/x-ms-asf; Microsoft ASF Language A language of the resource English Africa Christianity Islam Namibia Nigeria religion South Africa Swaziland United Kingdom